Indian Polity

The President during the National Emergency of 1975 was Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. It was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 under Article 352.

The Presidency High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established under the Indian High Courts Act, 1861; they began functioning in 1862.

The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act ended the nominated-seat provision for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. It was enacted in 2019 and took effect in 2020.

Jayaprakash Narayan advocated partyless democracy as part of his concept of total revolution, emphasising decentralisation and people’s participation.

Articles 36–51 contain the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution.

The Sarkaria Commission recommended a permanent Inter-State Council. The Council was established under Article 263 in 1990.

The president may negotiate treaties with foreign nations, but he must obtain advice and consent from the Senate In India, treaty-making is an executive function; legislation may be required to implement a treaty domestically under Article 253.

The chairperson and members of a State Human Rights Commission are appointed by the governor they can only be removed by the President (and not by the Governor) The State Human Rights Commission is governed by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

Decentralized planning on the basis of Panchayati Raj institutions was recommended by Balawant Rai Mehta Committee The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee submitted its report in 1957 and recommended a three-tier Panchayati Raj system.

R. F. Lodge (He sworn in as the first CJI of Assam High Court on 5th April, 1948) The source records R. F. Lodge as the first Chief Justice, taking office on 5 April 1948.

Article 243-I Article 243-I provides for State Finance Commissions.

The Supreme Court has declared access to the internet a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. Article 19 deals with Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc In Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court linked Internet-based speech and expression with Article 19(1)(a).

The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President of India (Article 108) and is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha Article 108 deals with joint sittings of Parliament.

The First Backward Class Commission was set up by a Presidential Order under Article 340 of the Constitution of India on Jan 29th, 1953, under the Chairmanship of Shri Kaka Kalelkar (popularly known as Kaka Kalelkar Commission) The first Backward Classes Commission was appointed in 1953 under Article 340.

The logo of Lokpal is based upon the literal meaning of LOKPAL, LOK – meaning people and PAL – meaning caretaker, i.e. "caretaker of people". The Logo is designed by Shri Prashant Mishra, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was enacted in 2013.

Article 350-A deals with the facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage Article 350A concerns mother-tongue instruction at the primary stage for linguistic minority children.

The idea of a Constituent Assembly for India for the first time was put forward by M.N. Roy was a pioneer of the communist movement in India in 1934 M. N. Roy proposed the idea in 1934; the Constituent Assembly was later formed in 1946

The President addresses the resignation letter to the Vice-President

Public service commission in India was established by the Government of India act 1919 The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced the Public Service Commission provision; the first PSC was established in 1926

Financial Emergency has never been imposed in India till date A Financial Emergency under Article 360 has never been proclaimed in India