Indian Polity

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal ministry for implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. The Act recognizes forest rights of Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers subject to its provisions.

The principle of equal pay for equal work is contained in Article 39(d) as a Directive Principle of State Policy. It seeks equal remuneration for men and women performing equivalent work.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 added Fundamental Duties to the Constitution. They are contained in Part IVA, Article 51A.

A Money Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only on the President’s recommendation under Article 117. It cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.

Parvati Kumar Goswami was the first Assamese to become a Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Ranjan Gogoi later became the first Chief Justice of India from Assam and the Northeast.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They are contained in Part IV (Articles 36–51) and guide the State in establishing social and economic justice.

A Gram Panchayat can receive local revenues such as duties and fees assigned under state law. Income tax and most major indirect taxes are Union/State sources, not ordinary Gram Panchayat revenues.

The Indian Constitution provides five writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. The Supreme Court issues them under Article 32 and High Courts under Article 226.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Article 3 empowers Parliament to form new states and alter the areas, boundaries or names of existing states. The President refers such a Bill to the concerned state legislature for its views.

The definition and constitutional conditions of a Money Bill are specified in Article 110. It deals only with matters such as taxation, borrowing and appropriation of money from the Consolidated Fund.

The Election Commission of India is established under Article 324. It supervises elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly, which first met on 9 December 1946. The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949.

The Constitution was first amended in 1951 through the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It addressed issues including land reform and reasonable restrictions on certain Fundamental Rights.

G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha. He became Speaker of the first Lok Sabha in 1952.

Among the options, the United States has the oldest written national Constitution still in force, adopted in 1787. It came into effect in 1789.

The powers and responsibilities of Panchayats are distributed through the Eleventh Schedule, added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It contains 29 subjects.

The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. Its original jurisdiction includes certain Centre–State and inter-State disputes under Article 131.

India has proclaimed three National Emergencies: in 1962, 1971 and 1975. The constitutional basis is Article 352.

The Supreme Court at Calcutta was established under the Regulating Act of 1773. The Supreme Court began functioning in 1774 at Fort William.