Indian Economy

The troposphere is the lowest atmospheric layer and contains most atmospheric water vapour; consequently, most clouds and weather occur here.

Monsoon winds reverse direction seasonally and are central to the Indian climate, especially the southwest monsoon.

Bank of Hindustan was established in 1770 in Calcutta and is commonly cited as the first modern bank established in India.

NSE is headquartered in Mumbai and began operations in 1994.

United Nations Headquarters is in New York City; the UN Charter entered into force on 24 October 1945.

HDI combines life expectancy, education and GNI per capita; “national income” as such is not one of the three headline dimensions.

Guwahati Bank is identified by the source as an early private bank established in Assam.

CRR is the fraction of a bank’s net demand and time liabilities that must be maintained with the RBI as cash.

Legal tender is money that a creditor is legally obliged to accept for settlement of a debt, subject to applicable law.

A bull market is associated with rising prices and optimistic expectations, while a bear market is associated with falling prices and pessimism.

Cholera is an acute water- and food-borne intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae; safe water and sanitation are key preventive measures.

There are six Nobel Prize categories commonly listed today: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences. The Economics prize was established in 1968.

A mixed economy combines public and private sectors. India adopted this broad economic model after Independence, with planning and public-sector expansion alongside private enterprise.

The Agriculture Census is conducted at five-year intervals. It provides structural information on operational holdings, including their number, size and land-use characteristics.

The currency of Saudi Arabia is the Saudi riyal, abbreviated SAR. The riyal is divided into 100 halalas.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian to make an estimate of India’s national income. His economic writings also contributed to the early analysis of colonial economic exploitation.

The Mahalanobis Model was associated with the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–1961). It emphasized rapid industrialization and investment in heavy and basic industries.

Financing a budget deficit through creation of new money can have a strongly inflationary effect because it increases the money supply without a corresponding increase in real output.

Venture capital is long-term risk capital invested in promising new businesses, especially start-ups with high growth potential. Investors generally accept substantial risk in expectation of future returns.

The Capital Budget includes capital expenditure such as acquisition of assets and also capital receipts such as borrowings. Loans and advances granted by the government are also treated as capital expenditure.